Java高频面试之消息队列与分布式篇

在分布式系统中，消息队列是一种常用的中间件，可以用来解耦系统之间的依赖、提高系统的可扩展性和可靠性。以下是一个使用Java进行消息队列操作的简单示例，这里以Apache Kafka为例。

首先，确保你的环境中已经安装了Kafka。

1. 生产者（发送消息）:

import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.KafkaProducer;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.Producer;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.ProducerRecord;
 
import java.util.Properties;
 
public class ProducerExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Properties props = new Properties();
        props.put("bootstrap.servers", "localhost:9092");
        props.put("acks", "all");
        props.put("retries", 0);
        props.put("batch.size", 16384);
        props.put("linger.ms", 1);
        props.put("buffer.memory", 33554432);
        props.put("key.serializer", "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer");
        props.put("value.serializer", "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer");
 
        Producer<String, String> producer = new KafkaProducer<>(props);
        for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
            producer.send(new ProducerRecord<String, String>("test", Integer.toString(i), Integer.toString(i)));
 
        producer.close();
    }
}

2. 消费者（接收消息）:

import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.ConsumerRecord;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.ConsumerRecords;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.KafkaConsumer;
 
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Properties;
 
public class ConsumerExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Properties props = new Properties();
        props.put("bootstrap.servers", "localhost:9092");
        props.put("group.id", "test");
        props.put("enable.auto.commit", "true");
        props.put("auto.commit.interval.ms", "1000");
        props.put("key.deserializer", "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringDeserializer");
        props.put("value.deserializer", "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringDeserializer");
 
        KafkaConsumer<String, String> consumer = new KafkaConsumer<>(props);
        consumer.subscribe(Arrays.asList("test"));
        while (true) {
            ConsumerRecords<String, String> records = consumer.poll(100);
            for (ConsumerRecord<String, String> record : records)
                System.out.printf("offset = %d, key = %s, value = %s\n", record.offset(), record.key(), re