java中使用雪花算法(Snowflake)为分布式系统生成全局唯一ID

在Java中使用雪花算法生成全局唯一ID的示例代码如下：

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
 
public class SnowflakeIdGenerator {
    // 64位ID的各个部分所占的位数
    private final long twepoch = 1288834974657L; // 起始时间戳 (2010-11-04 09:42:54.657)
    private final long workerIdBits = 5L; // 工作机器ID所占的位数
    private final long datacenterIdBits = 5L; // 数据中心ID所占的位数
    private final long sequenceBits = 12L; // 序列号所占的位数
 
    // 这些位都是直接按位或（|）运算，所以这里需要左移运算符（<<）
    private final long workerIdShift = sequenceBits;
    private final long datacenterIdShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits;
    private final long timestampShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits + datacenterIdBits;
 
    private final long sequenceMask = -1L ^ (-1L << sequenceBits); // 生成序列的掩码
 
    private long workerId; // 工作机器ID
    private long datacenterId; // 数据中心ID
    private long sequence = 0L; // 序列号
    private long lastTimestamp = -1L; // 上一次生成ID的时间戳
 
    private AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong(0);
 
    // 构造函数，传入工作机器ID和数据中心ID
    public SnowflakeIdGenerator(long workerId, long datacenterId) {
        if (workerId > maxWorkerId || workerId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("workerId can't be greater than %d or less than 0");
        }
        if (datacenterId > maxDatacenterId || datacenterId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("datacenterId can't be greater than %d or less than 0");
        }
        this.workerId = workerId;
        this.datacenterId = datacenterId;
    }
 
    // 生成下一个ID
    public synchronized long nextId() {
        long timestamp = timeGen();
 
        if (timestamp < lastTimestamp) {
            throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Clock moved backwards.  Refusing to generate id for %d milliseconds", lastTimestamp - timestamp));
        }
 
        if (lastTimestamp == timestamp) {
            sequence = (sequence + 1) & sequenceMask;
            if (sequence == 0) {
                timestamp = tilNextMillis(lastTimestamp);
            }
        } else {
            sequence = 0;
        }
 
        lastTimestamp = timestamp;
 
        id.set((timestamp - twepoch) << timestampShift | (datacenterId << datacenterIdShift) | (workerId << workerIdShift) | sequence);
        return id.get();
    }
 
    // 获取当前时间戳
    protected long timeGen() {
        return System.currentTimeMillis();
    }
 
    // 等待下一个毫秒的到来，用于解决时钟回拨问题
    protected long tilNextMil