Spring Boot中实现对特定URL的权限验证：拦截器、切面和安全框架的比较

在Spring Boot中，实现对特定URL的权限验证可以通过以下几种方式：

1. 使用Spring MVC的HandlerInterceptor接口（拦截器）。
2. 使用Spring AOP和AspectJ（切面）。
3. 使用Spring Security（安全框架）。

下面是使用这三种方式的简单示例：

1. 使用Spring MVC的HandlerInterceptor：

@Component
public class AuthInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {
    @Override
    public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) {
        // 验证逻辑
        String token = request.getHeader("Authorization");
        if (token == null || !token.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
            response.setStatus(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED.value());
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }
}
 
@Configuration
public class WebConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
    @Autowired
    private AuthInterceptor authInterceptor;
 
    @Override
    public void addInterceptors(InterceptorRegistry registry) {
        registry.addInterceptor(authInterceptor)
                .addPathPatterns("/api/protected/**"); // 需要验证权限的URL
    }
}

2. 使用Spring AOP和AspectJ：

@Aspect
@Component
public class AuthAspect {
    @Before("execution(* com.example.controller.ApiController.*(..))")
    public void validateToken(JoinPoint joinPoint) {
        // 获取HttpServletRequest对象
        ServletRequestAttributes attributes = (ServletRequestAttributes) RequestContextHolder.getRequestAttributes();
        HttpServletRequest request = attributes.getRequest();
 
        // 验证逻辑
        String token = request.getHeader("Authorization");
        if (token == null || !token.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Invalid token");
        }
    }
}

3. 使用Spring Security：

@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http
            .authorizeRequests()
            .antMatchers("/api/protected/**").authenticated()
            .anyRequest().permitAll()
            .and()
            .addFilter(new AuthenticationFilter(authenticationManager()));
    }
}
 
public class AuthenticationFilter extends UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter {
    public AuthenticationFilter(AuthenticationManager authenticationManager) {
        super(authenticationManager);
    }
 
    @Override
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) {