Django源码分析-ORM框架解读

在Django的ORM中，QuerySet是一个非常重要的组成部分，它封装了数据库的查询和返回结果。以下是QuerySet部分源代码的简化版本：

class QuerySet:
    def __init__(self, model=None):
        self.model = model
        self._database = None
        self._query = None
 
    def __iter__(self):
        if self._result_cache is None:
            self._result_cache = list(self._iterable_class(self))
        return iter(self._result_cache)
 
    def __getitem__(self, k):
        if isinstance(k, slice):
            query = self._clone()
            if k.start is not None:
                start = k.start
            else:
                start = 0
            if start < 0:
                start += len(self)
            if k.stop is not None:
                stop = k.stop
            else:
                stop = len(self)
            if stop < 0:
                stop += len(self)
            if start > stop:
                return new_queryset = self._no_results()
            return queryset[start:stop]
        elif isinstance(k, int):
            if k < 0:
                k += len(self)
            return list(self)[k]
        raise TypeError
 
    def _clone(self):
        klass = self.__class__
        query = self._query
        new = klass(model=self.model, query=query.clone())
        new._db = self._db
        new._hints = self._hints
        new._values_select = self._values_select
        new._defered_fields = self._defered_fields
        new._only_fields = self._only_fields
        new._prefetch_related_lookups = self._prefetch_related_lookups
        return new
 
    def all(self):
        if self._query is None:
            return self._no_filters()
        return self._clone()
 
    def filter(self, *args, **kwargs):
        clone = self._clone()
        clone._query.add_q(Q(*args, **kwargs))
        return clone
 
    def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs):
        clone = self._clone()
        clone._query.add_q(~Q(*args, **kwargs))
        return clone
 
    def _no_filters(self):
        clone = self._clone()
        clone._query = None
        return clone

这个简化版本的QuerySet类展示了如何初始化一个查询集合，如何使用切片和索引进行查询，以及如何添加过滤器（filter和exclude方法）。这里的QuerySet类只是一个示例，并不完整，因为实际的Django ORM中的QuerySet类包含了大量的其他功能和复杂逻辑。